Copper Sulfate

Copper Sulfate is a tier 2 form of Copper, used in 337 on-market products and providing 25.4% elemental copper by weight.

Basis: CuSO4 x 5H2O, pentahydrate ("blue vitriol", standard USP/commercial form; anhydrous at 0.398 also exists)

Why this tier: Used as the reference/comparator form in most animal copper-bioavailability research; highly soluble but not shown superior to organic/chelated forms.

Source: animal comparator evidence, PMID 7883634, not a human RCT

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